The development and utilization of lunar resources is the core content and focus of lunar exploration by major space powers in the new era. We first introduces the technical challenges in lunar resource development engineering, and then proposes a cost-effective, large-scale technology scheme for the batch return of lunar resources. The core of this scheme is a newly designed lunar-based magnetic levitation rotational ejection system, and it offers significant advantages and features, such as strong originality, easy implementation, and high efficiency. Therefore, it can substantially enhance the efficiency of lunar resource transportation, and reduce return costs. Moreover, it has important practical significance for achieving large-scale batch return of lunar resources and promoting their commercial development. Additionally, We proposed a conceptual design for a large scientific facility of the lunar resource development and application system, aiming at supporting future lunar exploration scientific research as well as resource development and utilization.

With the vigorous development of space missions in Earth orbit, Lunar orbit, and Mars orbit as well as other missions such as Lunar or Martian research stations, the efficient utilization of solar energy resources in the space environment is critical for these missions. Perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, low cost and simple fabrication process. We comprehensively introduced the research progress of perovskite solar cells/materials both domestically and internationally, including the basic optoelectronic properties, geometric structures, and research status of perovskite solar cells. We also focused on the application of perovskite solar cells in space environments, for example, their performance under special conditions such as high-energy particle irradiation, large temperature cycling and UV irradiation. Finally, a summary and explanation of the challenges it faces in the aerospace field was provided, and then we proposed the key issues needed to be investigated and solved in future.

The future development of space transportation system is studied. To this end, the development planning of main space powers in the world has been summarized, the main development trend of world space was then discussed and the capability requirements are analyzed for future space transportation system. On this basis, current transportation system development is further reviewed. Afterwards, the mission mode concepts and initial transportation system schemes are proposed for future large-scale access to space, space orbital transportation and human Mars explorations, providing suggestions for future development of China's space transportation systems.

The development of mega constellations has been rapidly accelerated by market application demands in communication and commercial sectors. In recent years, the number of satellite launches has surged, and the synchronous increase in the coordination of tasks within the constellation has required a large number of manpower to manage traditionally. Moreover, the overall space orbit and frequency band resources of the mega constellation are limited. Therefore, the effective utilization and robust security management of mega constellation resources are of paramount importance. Based on robotic process automation technology, a "global station telemetry and control, station-to-station data exchange, multi-station coordinated management" mega constellation robotic process automation cluster control mode is proposed, which establishes a hierarchical and graded management architecture to dynamically allocate and efficiently utilize the resources of mega constellations and ensure the stable operation and data security of the constellation system. This provides a technical solution for addressing the growing demand for constellation operation and management and the challenges of complex space environments.

Sintering lunar regolith simulant to prepare lunar brick is an effective in-situ resource utilization method for lunar base construction. However, the traditional high temperature sintering has the disadvantage of high energy consumption, which is not conducive to the initial construction of the lunar surface. Cold Sintering Process (CSP) is a process of densification of ceramics at ultra-low temperature, which provides a solution strategy to overcome the above problems. Two types of lunar regolith simulant materials (mare and highland) were densified by CSP at 120 ℃, 100 MPa, 15% 10 mol/L NaOH and 90 min. The sample densities reached 2.33 g/cm³ and 2.31 g/cm³, respectively. In the simulated lunar surface environment, the strength retention rates of the sample are 94% and 95% respectively, the thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient are lower than that of the earth concrete, which indicates that the sample has high reliability in the extreme environment of the lunar surface. In addition, the energy consumption of the CSP equipment is only 0.79 kW·h, which saves 90.7% of the energy compared to the traditional high-temperature sintering peocess. Therefore, the CSP provides a broad prospect for energy-saving manufacturing of high strength and durability of lunar surface building materials.

Safe, reliable, fast, and low-cost space transportation is a prerequisite for large-scale exploitation and utilization of space resources. The future exploitation of space resources will obtain a large amount of strategic mineral resources urgently needed for the sustainable development of the Earth, requiring the capability of low-cost return to the Earth. A new low-cost entry method called tethered resource module return technology assisted by ultra-low orbit spaceship was proposed. Modeling analysis and numerical simulation results show that the tethered resource module effectively reduces orbital velocity and altitude, and thus alleviates the difficulty of re-entry back to the Earth surface. It is expected to provide a new technological means for green, low-cost, and large-scale re-entry into Earth's space.

Energetic neutral atoms from the solar system's heliopause and beyond serve as important carriers for understanding the neighboring interstellar medium and its interaction with the solar wind. Due to the limited duration and difficulty of missions to the heliospheric boundary of the solar system, remote sensing detection of energetic neutral atoms in the near-Earth space is more feasible. Studying energetic neutral atoms at the heliospheric boundary can enhance our understanding of the composition and properties of the local or nearby interstellar medium, thoroughly verify space science questions such as solar system evolution and planetary evolution in the solar system, and has significant implications for advancing China's space missions and frontier scientific development. This paper summarizes recent international cases of remote sensing detection of energetic neutral atoms at the heliospheric boundary, analyzes the key technologies and scientific objectives of these missions, and outlines the future trends and directions in this field, providing suggestions for the planning and construction of future heliospheric boundary exploration mission in China.

The Europa Clipper is the largest planetary explorer built by NASA to date. The goal of the mission is to assess the habitability of Jupiter’ s moon: Europa. After entering Jupiter orbit in 2030, the flight system will collect science data while flying past Europa 49 times. We explained, from a scientific research perspective, why Europa was selected as the target for this mission, outlining the scientific objectives of the Europa Clipper and its nine scientific instruments, as well as the implications of this mission for space science.

China's Tiangong space station has been fully completed in 2022, and its rich application resources provide a broad open experiment platform for on-orbit technology verification. Facing the frontiers of world science and technology and the needs of future missions such as manned deep space exploration, space resources exploitation and use, and on-orbit services, the research and development of domestic and international space station technology experiments are analyzed and summarized in this study. The development of ideas for space technology experiments on the Chinese space station is also proposed, the trends in the development of space technology experiments on space stations are demonstrated, and technology development in the various research directions is foreseen, with a view to breaking through a series of key technological bottlenecks and solving the "neck-breaking" problems constraining the development of spaceflight. This paper provides a useful reference for giving full play to the benefits of space station applications and supporting the construction of a strong spacefaring nation.

A major aspiration in human space exploration is to establish a permanent lunar base. Europe, the United States, and China have successively proposed roadmaps and specific plans for construction of permanent lunar bases around 2030, with a key prerequisite of a safe, stable, and reliable water resource supply. Recent exploration and analysis suggests that the Permanent Shadow Regions (PSRs) at the lunar poles may contain adequate amount of natural water ice. However, our understanding of the evolution of water ice in geological timescale is largely limited, leading to a lack of reliable initial and boundary conditions for research on the large-scale recovery of lunar water ice: Elucidating the diffusion mechanics of rarefied water vapor in lunar regolith is crucial for clarifying formation and evolution of lunar water ice reservoirs. However, water ice in lunar PSRs is in extreme environment of extremely low temperatures, high vacuum, and is mixed with lunar regolith, that makes the diffusion models adopted for Earth conditions inapplicable. Specifically, there is lack of rigorous thermodynamic description for extremely sparse water vapor molecules within the microstructure of porous media, lunar regolith-water interaction data, in-situ packing structure of lunar regolith, and theory for diffusion in porous media under infinitely large Knudsen number. To address the aforementioned issues and thus establish a solid theoretical foundation for further exploration and recovery of lunar water resources, it is necessary to strengthen theoretical research, and to design more targeted analysis and testing of lunar samples in the future.

YangWang-1 is the first commercial space telescope launched into orbit by China, and it has been in good operational condition for the past two years. It has achieved fruitful results in different disciplines, including Milky Way all-sky survey, night light remote sensing, natural disaster monitoring, atmospheric phenomena, etc. In the field of space science, the continuous growth of space debris and the risk of near-Earth asteroid impacts have become urgent problems that need to be solved. YangWang-1 has also made out a series of comprehensive applications in orbit, including automatic identification and cataloging of moving targets, maneuvers of artificial objects, observation of near-Earth asteroids, initial orbit determination of targets, and the census of geosynchronous orbit objects, based on its own hardware and characteristics. Through these attempts, we have accumulated a lot of useful results and achieved certain commercial value.

Solar in-situ sintering of lunar soil can effectively realize the in-situ utilization of lunar resources, and is expected to be one of the most potential processes for lunar base construction. In this study, the test system of solar concentrating die sintering based on HUST-1 simulated lunar soil was set up. The surface radiation and solid heat transfer in the process of solar concentrating sintering were calculated by COMSOL, and the initial test of sintering under atmospheric and vacuum environment was carried out. The simulation results show that when the solar irradiance is 1368 W/m², the temperature in the mold can reach 1100℃, which meets the dynamic requirements of lunar soil sintering. The experimental results show that the sintering temperature is the key process parameter of lunar soil sintering in solar concentrator mold. When the temperature in the mold reaches 800℃, the simulated lunar soil solid-state sintering starts. Due to the difficulty of heat preservation caused by the scattering of sunlight by suspended particles in the Earth's atmosphere and the rapid heat dissipation in the sintering stage at high temperature, the formed blocks have low strength. Therefore, it is necessary to further optimize the test system to explore the densification mechanism of simulated lunar soil by solar concentrating sintering.

In the modern era, human space exploration is rapidly advancing, leading to a significant increase in satellites, manned missions, space stations, and scientific endeavors. A key challenge in ensuring the safety and sustainability of these missions is space weather, which directly impacts spacecraft operations and long-term reliability. Solar phenomena such as coronal mass ejections and solar flares release highly energetic, magnetized particles that pose serious risks to communication, navigation, and structural integrity. For spacecrafts operating beyond near-Earth space, solar activity plays a crucial role in mission performance and survivability. Among the most direct consequences of space weather are geomagnetic storms, which can disrupt spacecraft systems and ground-based technologies. To improve geomagnetic storm forecasting, this study proposes a temporal-feature Temporal Convolutional Network （tf-TCN）, an enhanced temporal convolutional network that incorporates solar variability in the frequency domain. The model integrates key solar activity cycles, such as the solar rotation and solar activity cycles, as additional features to enhance its ability to capture geomagnetic storm occurrences. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms traditional approaches across various prediction time windows. This work provides technical support for improving spacecraft operational safety and reliability while laying a solid foundation for the development of space weather early warning systems.

Extraterrestrial Artificial Photosynthetic (EAP) technology aims to simulate the natural photosynthesis of green plants in the extraterrestrial space environment, and convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon-containing fuels through physicochemical processes, making it a promising technology for efficient carbon dioxide conversion and oxygen regeneration. This technology can not only convert the carbon dioxide produced by human respiration into oxygen to realize the regeneration of waste in confined spaces and greatly reduce the material supply requirements of manned space station or manned deep space spacecraft, but also utilize the abundant carbon dioxide and water in-situ resources of the extraterrestrial environment such as Mars to produce oxygen and fuel to achieve the extraterrestrial survival of human beings on other planets. This paper comprehensively overviews the recent progresses of extraterrestrial carbon dioxide conversion technologies. It also clarifies the concept and connotation of EAP technology and analyzes its characteristics and application prospects. On this basis, this study first proposes the space experiment objectives of EAP technology, and then presents the design of the experimental payload, relevant ground tests results, and on-orbit experiment progress. Finally, this paper summarizes and prospects the research progress of EAP technology.

Since the 1990s, the United States, Europe, Japan and China have successively implemented and planned their own asteroid exploration and defense missions, and asteroids have become a new hot spot for deep space exploration after the Moon and Mars. Looking at the development history of asteroid missions, the application of CubeSats and landers can play an important role in different types of asteroid missions, such as asteroid sampling return and near-Earth asteroid defense. Hayabusa 2 deployed two types of Micro/Nano-landers, MINERVA and MASCOT, in the mission to obtain high-precision in-situ detection data on the asteroid surface, which supplemented and enhanced the scientific discoveries of Hayabusa 2. DART observed the kinetic impact process and ejecta morphology by releasing the CubeSat LICIACube. The HERA mission will use two CubeSats, Milani and Juventas, to accurately measure the surface composition, internal structure and gravity field of the Dimorphos asteroid. This paper will analyze the application cases of CubeSats and landers in different asteroid missions, and propose some ideas for using CubeSats and landers in the mission based on the mission objectives and mission forms of my country's first asteroid defense mission.

The exploration and study of water ice in the lunar polar regions are of great significance for understanding the origin and evolution of water and volatiles on the Moon, as well as for realizing in situ resource utilization for space exploration. In recent years, the detection of water ice in these regions has become a strategic priority in the competition among major countries, including the United States, China, and Russia, in the fields of lunar and deep space exploration. One of the primary scientific tasks for the Chang'E-7 (CE-7) lunar exploration mission is to detect and investigate water ice at the lunar south pole. In this work, the progress in the exploration and study of water ice in the lunar polar regions is summarized. The unresolved key scientific questions related to polar water ice are presented. Furthermore, the basic information and especially the scientific objectives about water ice detection of CE-7 mission are introduced. The remote sensing and in situ detection methods of water ice at the south pole are discussed based on the scientific payloads onboard the orbiter, rover, and mini-flying probe in the CE-7 mission.

With the rapid development of human space activities, the outer space environment has become increasingly complex and disorderly, the threat to outer space security has increased significantly, and the long-term sustainability of space activities is facing serious challenges. In this paper we give a comprehensive introduction to the latest situation of outer space security, and systematically analyze the impact on the long-term sustainability of outer space security, such as the increasing amount of space debris, the rapid deployment of large-scale constellations in low orbit, the rapid eruption of new and commercial space activities, the increasingly fierce competition for outer space resources, and the intensifying militarization of outer space. The article points out that from the perspective of building a community with a shared future in outer space, the security of national space assets, and the construction of a space power, the governance of outer space environment is the general trend of the times and the only way out, it will be pregnant with great opportunities such as space technology innovation, industrial revolution, and legal establishment. Based on the national conditions, the countermeasures and development suggestions of China are put forward.

The increasing amount of space objects poses a severe threat to space activities in near-Earth orbits.Space situational awareness technology is crucial for monitoring space objects,assessing space events,and ensuring on-orbit safety.The application of AI in space situational awareness offers unique advantages,manifested in its analytical and mining capabilities for sensor data,its self-learning and transferability capabilities in the face of complex and dynamic space environmental factors,as well as its ability to integrate prior knowledge and existing data for decision-making and prediction.This article provides an overview of AI research progress in the field of space situational awareness,encompassing three dimensions:data,perception,and decision-making.To address the characteristics of space data and the new challenges faced by space situational awareness systems,new approaches involving emerging AI technologies such as distributed machine learning and multi-agent systems for data sharing and collaborative monitoring are proposed.

Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) are rich in mineral resources. NEAs mining can not only obtain rare and precious metal minerals such as platinum group and rare earth elements needed for sustainable development of the Earth, but also provide a large amount of necessary materials for construction of space infrastructure and extensive space exploration. It has become a forefront direction of international aerospace and is engineering feasible for practice. This article analyzes the resource characteristics of NEAs and proposes a NEAs mining architecture from the perspectives of low cost, large scale, and economy. We also establishes a preliminary evaluation method for the total amount of minerals and a mining benefit evaluation method with the goal of net resource benefit. Analysis shows that even though a small NEA with a diameter of 50 meters can be worth trillions of RMB. NEAs mining missions need to comprehensively consider the cost of mineral transportation and the mineral benefits obtained, and select the appropriate velocity increment to reach the mining NEA object. To achieve higher net benefits under certain accessibility, in-situ minerals beneficiation and propellant production are required to improve ore grade and provide return propellant.

Regarding existing dust dynamics simulations, a continuous charging model was commonly employed, neglecting the influence of the quantized nature of electric charges on nanoscale dust grains. In this study, focusing on the dust stream phenomenon originating from Io, a stochastic charging process was considered in the dynamic modeling to more accurately simulate the nanoscale dust grains' evolution of the electrical charge and trajectory. The simulation results obtained from the stochastic charging model indicate that only dust grains within the size range of 8~200 nm are capable of escaping from the Jovian magnetosphere at speeds of 6~240 km/s. Subsequently, upon comparing the simulation results of the continuous charging model, it was determined that accounting for the "quantization" and "randomness" of the charging mechanism is essential in the dynamic simulation process of tiny dust particles carrying a small charge. Finally, a simplified model was employed to estimate the size range of dust stream particles, and the theoretical results generally agree with the simulation results obtained from the stochastic charging model. The peculiar plasma and magnetic field environments of Jupiter system collectively shape the dust stream phenomenon, while the stochastic charging process further contributes to the diverse evolution of dust particle trajectories.

European Space Agency's mission Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) is the most advanced and complicated spacecraft ever launched in Jovian system exploration. As the first large mission of European Space Agency's "Cosmic Vision 2015-2025", JUICE is dedicated to making detailed observations of the largest planet in the solar system and characterizing Jupiter's three large icy moons Ganymede, Callisto and Europa to determine their habitability. JUICE mission's scientific objects, payloads, trajectory and key functions of the spacecraft are analyzed and discussed. A Jovian system exploration mission layout is proposed. Some advices and thoughts about China's Jovian system exploring mission are given based on the discussion.

Space weathering, including micrometeorite impacts and solar wind irradiation, leads to the formation of metallic iron particles that range in size from nanometers to micrometers. These particles are commonly found on the surfaces of airless bodies, such as the Moon. Their presence significantly alters the spectral properties of the lunar surface, and the resultant optical effects vary depending on the particle size, making accurate interpretation of remote sensing data challenging. Despite decades of research, the formation mechanisms of metallic iron particles of different sizes remain unresolved. In this study, we conducted a systematic microscopic analysis of glasses from China's Chang'e-5 lunar soil samples, focusing on impact glass beads with well-defined impact origins and rotational features. We successfully distinguish large and small metallic iron particles formed before and after the solidification of these glass beads, clarifying them as products of micrometeorite impacts and solar wind irradiation, respectively. This research highlights the distinct roles of impacts and irradiation in space weathering, enhancing our understanding of the interaction between space environments and the lunar surface, and offering valuable insights for predicting weathering behavior under different space conditions.

The Factory in Space represents a pivotal technological paradigm enabling long-duration space missions and the construction of space infrastructure. Its core lies in achieving a closed-loop system of manufacturing, assembly, maintenance, and resource recycling under extreme space environments characterized by microgravity, high vacuum, intense radiation, and extreme temperature fluctuations. This paper systematically reviews the key technologies across the entire lifecycle of space factories, encompassing ground-based design and validation, launch ascent and deployment, on-orbit operation and expansion, maintenance and upgrade, and decommissioning and recovery. It focuses on analyzing manufacturability constraints, digital twin, lightweight structures, manufacturing process characteristics, material performance verification, on-orbit fault diagnosis, robotic maintenance strategies, and in-situ resource utilization technologies. Drawing on NASA’s Archinaut/OSAM-2 program and verification cases from China’s Space Station, the study summarizes the current technological progress and existing bottlenecks, and provides an outlook on the future development vision of space factories.

Microbiological control technology in space station is a key technology ensuring the safety of astronauts and the long-term stable operation of spacecraft during extended manned missions. Firstly, the paper systematically reviewed the microbial contamination incidents in history space stations, summarizing the main characteristics of these incidents to provide warnings and lessons for the microbial protection and control of China Space Station. Then, it summarized the research progress in on-orbit microbial detection technology and on-orbit microbial control technology for space stations, with a focus on introducing the research conducted in these areas in China Space Station. Finally, the paper proposed a space station microbiological control technology system constructed by the author's research team from the perspective of systems engineering risk management, with the aim of accelerating the development of China Space Station microbiological control technology and fulfilling the microbial control requirements of China's manned space engineering.

On May 29, 2025, China successfully launched the Tianwen-2 spacecraft to conduct a sample-return mission, targeting the near-Earth asteroid (469219) Kamoʻoalewa. Here, we systematically review early works on Kamoʻoalewa from various research teams, synthesizing reported results on its orbital characteristics, dynamical origin, composition, spectral type, size, rotation period, axis orientation, global regolith particle size distribution, regolith thickness, potential evolutionary history, and key scientific questions. We also predict space weathering features of future returned samples.

The successful implementations of Chang'e-5 and Chang'e-6 lunar sampling return missions and the Tianwen-1 Mars exploration mission indicate that China has entered into a new stage of deep space exploration. The study of the space environment of planets is of great significance for understanding the evolution laws of planets and for the future in-situ resource utilization. A review on the planetary space environment exploration missions that have been implemented or under preparation for the future by human beings was given in this paper. Opportunities and challenges faced by China's planetary space environment research were discussed, and some suggestions for the future developments were also given.

As countries embark on a new wave of unmanned and manned lunar exploration,lunar space becomes increasingly crowded and the need for Cislunar space debris detection becomes more and more intense.In this paper,the current lunar debris in lunar orbit is introduced.The main international equipment for Cislunar space debris detection is introduced,including the Goldstone Solar system radar,Arecibo planetary radar and Green Bank Observatory planetary radar.The achievements of these radar systems for lunar debris detection are also introduced.Combined with the technical status of the main equipment of the deep space network and the radio astronomy observation network,the development suggestions of the equipment construction of Cislunar space debris detection are put forward,by using the deep space network and the radio astronomy observation network.

Electrical connectors, as the basic components of space equipment for in-orbit servicing and maintenance, have extensive assembly and disassembly access requirements. The automatic access technology involves key technologies such as force sensing, visual recognition and positioning, and compliance control of manipulators. It has important research significance and promotion value. Based on a 6-DOF manipulator, a binocular structured-light camera, and its control software, a test platform for automatic access of different types of electrical connectors was constructed. The template point cloud was precisely aligned using key-point extraction, RANSAC course registration, and ICP fine registration algorithms. The high-reliability identification of different types of electrical connectors in the access state was completed. The impedance control of robotic arm was used to achieve a series of manipulations, including grasping and positioning, aligning, screwing, plugging and disassembly. The feasibility of the platform system and method was verified by testing the automatic access operation of Y27 and J30 electrical connectors as typical cases.

With the increase of human demand for natural resources and the consumption of mineral resources on the Earth, it has become an inevitable trend of development to obtain resources from outer space, asteroid mining has a very high economic value. In recent years, NASA's OSIRIS-REx and JAXA's Hayabusa 2 missions have both successfully returned samples from asteroids. China's Tianwen-2 mission will also carry out asteroid sampling and return. However, asteroid mining just remains at the conceptual stage. In this work, we studied two asteroid mining schemes, surface mining and fly capture, as well as the associated dynamical problems, based on the modeling of asteroid polyhedral gravitational fields and spherical harmonic series surface. For surface mining, we proposed an efficient asteroid surface mining method, with selecting asteroid Bennu as the target, and analyzed the surface dynamical characteristics of Bennu in relation to the requirements for surface mining. For fly capture, we used a concentrated mass nonlinear spring-damper model to simulate the dynamic process of capturing an asteroid with a flexible tether net, and analyzed the displacement, velocity and acceleration of some nodes, which could provide theoretical guidance for future asteroid mining missions.

On 27 September 2022 CST, the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission implemented a kinetic impact into asteroid named Dimorphos, the secondary star in the Didymos binary asteroid system, at a speed of about 6.2 km/s, which shortened the substar’s orbital period by 32 minutes. The DARTmission realized the first in-orbit demonstration of Near Earth Asteroid Deflection. It verified the key technologies of practical asteroid defense such as high-precision guidance and control technology for high-speed impact in deep space, numerical simulation and evaluation of the deflection effect, and proved the feasibility of kinetic impact for asteroid deflection. This mission is a milestone for mankind to proactively deal with the threat of asteroid in the future.In this paper, the DART’s target selection principle, mission design, guidance and control technology, deflection evaluation method and other aspects are analyzed. On this basis, the overall design of two forms of asteroid disposal mission is proposed, and the mission orbit, ground observability and deflection effect are analyzed.

During lunar surface exploration activities, the operations of astronauts and equipment significantly elevate dust concentrations beyond natural levels. These charged lunar dust particles not only affect the performance of space equipment but also pose serious health threats to astronauts due to their high abrasiveness and biotoxicity. To systematically understand lunar dust contamination, we first reviewed the physicochemical and electrical properties of lunar dust to gain insights into its contaminating behavior. By summarizing the dust-related issues encountered in previous lunar missions, we provided a detailed analysis of the impact of this contamination on various systems of lunar exploration equipment. Finally, we examined existing lunar dust mitigation strategies, evaluating their strengths, weaknesses, suitable scenarios, and future development directions, with a focus on dust prevention and removal technologies that primarily utilize electromagnetic forces. Future research will concentrate on in-depth investigations of key technologies for active dust prevention and removal through electric fields in simulated lunar environments, ensuring the smooth progress of lunar exploration activities and safeguarding the health and safety of astronauts.

This paper analyzes the structural characteristics of the ventilation ducts of aerospace equipment, the structural constraints and functional requirements they impose on pipeline robots, and concludes that pipeline robots should at least have the ability to control the contact force with the pipe wall, the ability to provide stable support and steering through non-continuous ducts such as T-shaped pipes and gaps, and the ability to adapt to changes in pipe diameter. An integrated typical Series Elastic Actuator (SEA) robot leg scissor mechanism was designed to meet the demand for variable diameter adaptation. This mechanism has the ability to control flexible force. To address steering needs, swing and roll joints were designed. To overcome obstacles such as gaps, two sets of series leg mechanism modules were designed to achieve gap crossing through alternating support movements. This paper experimentally verified that the robot could navigate through complex pipelines of various sizes and types, achieving a variable diameter ratio of 2.

The exploration and utilization of lunar water and ice resources have become the core proposition supporting sustainable human extraterrestrial presence. This article analyzes the occurrence characteristics and remote sensing evidence of lunar soil water ice, sorts out the current status of technological development and utilization of lunar soil water ice, and highlights the difficulties and challenges of exploration and utilization technology. Based on the design criteria for the exploitation of lunar soil water and ice resources, this paper elaborates on four fundamental engineering issues related to the utilization of water and ice resources, and provides corresponding conceptual plans and key technologies. The research results of this article can provide reference for the development and utilization of water ice resources in China.

Lunar bases are strategically important for supporting long-duration human presence on the moon and scientific research. However, moonquakes pose great potential threats and security challenges to the construction and operation of lunar bases. The causes and characteristics of four types of moonquakes were summaried. The main reasons why shallow moonquakes may damage the structure of lunar bases were ‌analyzed, the common monitoring and data analysis methods of moonquakes were summaried, the impacts of moonquakes on different structures and the characteristics of structural dynamic response combined with four typical lunar base structures were discussed, the failure conditions, failure parts, stress distribution, and deformation degree of the typical structures under the action of moonquakes were given, so as to provide references and prospects for future lunar base structures research on the seismic design and seismic hazard prevention and mitigation.

"Where did life come from?" "Are humans unique in the universe?" These are the great scientific questions of the centuries. Stellar radiation and activity are the key factors that determine the habitability of planets. The scientific satellite proposed in this paper, i.e. the Ultraviolet-Visible stEllar activitY and Exoplanet Survey Satellite (UVEYES), is aimed at major scientific problems such as the detection of habitable exoplanets. It is the first time to observe stellar activity and search for exoplanets in both near-UV and optical wavelengths, which will make a major breakthrough in the search for another Earth. The payload includes four 30 cm telescopes designed with a common fields of view (10°×10°), which has an equivalent aperture of 50 cm. The main scientific goals of UVEYES include: to monitor the stellar activity of more than 10 million stars and to reveal some patterns; to observe more than 2,000 exoplanet candidates and to figure out atmospheric characteristics of hot planets; to discover "another Earth" around red dwarf stars. In addition, UVEYES can also play an important role in time domain astronomy such as detecting solar system small bodies, monitoring temporary source, searching and characterizing supermassive black hole and gravitational wave counterpart, which can help us to understand the physical mechanism of extreme high-energy events in the universe.

The terrain of the lunar south pole is complex, and the extremely low solar altitude angle causes large changes in the shadow area, which poses a huge challenge to the autonomous navigation of the rover. This work proposes a multi-modal sensing and obstacle avoidance path planning scheme for the rover facing the lunar south pole. On the one hand, the RGB camera is used to obtain the global scene image for preliminary obstacle detection; on the other hand, the depth camera is used to obtain the real-time environment depth, and a local map is constructed through a simplified SLAM algorithm, that is, a point cloud map is generated in real time; and based on the point cloud information, to calculate physical environment information such as road surface roughness, slope, step information, etc. The above-mentioned multi-modal data combined with map data are used to update the posture and surrounding environment of the patrol vehicle in real time, and a combination of multi-modal local algorithms and obstacle detection algorithms are used for obstacle perception and obstacle avoidance decision-making, so that the patrol unit can dynamically adjust its path. The simulation results show that the autonomous navigation system significantly improves the autonomous navigation capability of the patrol unit in complex and unknown environments.

This paper, Thermal-structural-optical integrated analysis and experimental research for the Cool Planet Imaging Coronagraph (CPI-C) on China Space Station Telescope (CSST). Firstly, temperature field distribution was simulated by a thermal simulation analysis software. Secondly, the temperature field was mapped onto the optical-mechanical system to calculate the mirror surface deformation. Then, the rigid translation and Zernike polynomial coefficients of the mirror surface were fitted by the finite element data of each mirror surface node. Then the analysis results are imported into Zemax to evaluate the influence of mirror surface shape change. Lastly, the optical performance was tested by 4D interferometer. The test results show that the RMS value of the wavefront distortion is 1/25 wavelength, which meets the design requirement of being better than 1/20 wavelength.

In 2023, the Space Commerce Office under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States Department of Commerce launched the "Traffic Coordination System for Space" (TraCSS) project, based on the previous open database architecture. It is anticipated to offer fundamental space situational awareness data and services to civilian and commercial space operators, sending alert messages to spacecraft that might face collision risks, in order to achieve safe space flights, space sustainability, and the coordination of international space activities. This article, in accordance with the project information released by Space Commerce Office and relevant open-source information, combs and analyzes the system construction path, framework design, and the functions of each component of the system. TraCSS adopts a cloud-based containerized microservice architecture, achieving the integration and governance of US military, civilian, and commercial space situational awareness data. We analyzed the development process, system design, and possible influences of TraCSS. Also, we combined the characteristics of TraCSS to provide insights and recommendations for the development path and system construction of China's space traffic management.

On Feb. 15, 2022, the EU and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy jointly issued the JOINT COMMUNICATION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL—An EU Approach for Space Traffic Management/An EU Contribution Addressing a Global Challenge. As the first EU approach on STM, its significance for the EU can be compared to its US counterpart the National Space Traffic Management Policy for the Trump Administration. The EU’s high attention to and all member countries’ resolution on STM make EU the major power in the global STM affairs. The Joint Communication answered the questions of “what, why and how” about the EU STM approach whose core content is the four avenues and ten actions. The difference between the EU approach on space traffic management and the US approach on space traffic coordination indicates different ways and potential conflict in the space traffic domain. The EU STM approach is full of compromises. While favoring a multilateral STM approach in the framework of the UN and promoting a regional approach on STM, the EU also wants to play a major role in the future establishment of a global STM system. While insisting on its strategic autonomy, the EU also gives priority to cooperation with the US and relies on US data. While maintaining a civilian STM under civilian control, the EU STM approach also highlights the specific needs of defense and security. The EU STM approach is multilayered, with STM-related activities primarily led at national level, while the EU leadership above is quite weak and the participation of the lower level of space industry is very limited. This approach hopefully will turn the EU STM “olive” structure into a cylinder shape in the future. The EU approach on STM will play a positive role in the safe, sustainable use of space by all countries.

Understanding the components of asteroids plays an important role in guiding research on the origin and evolution of asteroids, utilization of space resources, and asteroid defense. Siliceous asteroids are the main type of near-Earth and inner main belt asteroids and are also the most common parent bodies of ordinary chondrite. In order to improve our understanding of the mineral composition of siliceous asteroids, the mineral compositions of eight siliceous asteroids with high spectral signal-to-noise ratios were investigated. By deconvolving the mixed spectrum of asteroids, we have obtained the absorption characteristics of ferromagnesian minerals, including their magnesium olivine index (Fo#) and the proportion of high-calcium pyroxene and then we identified the corresponding meteorite analogues for these asteroids. The results indicate that Sr-type asteroids (3) Juno, (808) Merxia and S-type asteroid (4197) Morpheus have higher Fo# and lower high-calcium pyroxene content, with surface compositions similar to H chondrites. The Sq-type asteroid (433) Eros has a relatively low Fo# and a high proportion of high-calcium pyroxene, with surface compositions resembling L chondrites. Sv-type asteroid (5) Astraea and S-type asteroid (17) Thetis have surfaces almost devoid of olivine, while V-type asteroids (3908) Nyx and (4055) Magellan lack olivine altogether, with surface mineral compositions similar to basaltic achondrites. The results show that even if they are all siliceous asteroids, their types have mineral diversity, and their correspondence with meteorite types is also complex and diverse. This is related to the origin and evolution of the asteroid itself and its later transformations such as space weathering and impact metamorphism. It also shows that the existing asteroid spectral classification system needs to be improved, and caution is needed when interpreting the mineral composition and evolution of asteroids based on spectra.