2022年2月15日,欧盟委员会和欧盟外交与安全政策高级代表共同发布《致欧洲议会和欧盟理事会的联合通报——欧盟太空交通管理方案/欧盟在应对全球挑战中的贡献》。这是欧盟官方发布的首份关于太空交通管理的方案,其意义堪比美国的《国家太空交通管理政策》,体现了欧盟官方对太空交通管理事务的高度重视和各成员国的一致决心,也使欧盟成为全球太空交通管理建设的主要力量。该方案回答了欧盟太空交通管理“是什么、为什么、怎么办”的内涵,尤其是4条发展途径及相应的10项行动计划构成了方案的核心内容。方案定位于管理而非协调,预示着未来不同于美国的发展道路以及潜在的与美国路线的冲突。方案有着较为浓厚的“调和”色彩：坚持在多边主义立场下建设欧盟的区域性太空交通管理系统,同时力图在全球系统建设中发挥主要作用;坚持欧盟的战略自主,同时把与美国的合作置于优先位置,并继续依赖于美国的相关数据;坚持民用机构来管理太空交通事务,同时也要求体现防务和安全方面的需要。欧盟太空交通管理呈多层级状态,其中,中间的国家层是主体,上层的欧盟领导略显乏力,下层的工业界参与有限。方案有望改变这一状态,使欧盟橄榄形的太空交通管理结构发展成为柱形结构。方案将对全球各国安全、可持续地利用太空发挥一定作用。
On Feb. 15, 2022, the EU and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy jointly issued the JOINT COMMUNICATION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL—An EU Approach for Space Traffic Management/An EU Contribution Addressing a Global Challenge. As the first EU approach on STM, its significance for the EU can be compared to its US counterpart the National Space Traffic Management Policy for the Trump Administration. The EU’s high attention to and all member countries’ resolution on STM make EU the major power in the global STM affairs. The Joint Communication answered the questions of “what, why and how” about the EU STM approach whose core content is the four avenues and ten actions. The difference between the EU approach on space traffic management and the US approach on space traffic coordination indicates different ways and potential conflict in the space traffic domain. The EU STM approach is full of compromises. While favoring a multilateral STM approach in the framework of the UN and promoting a regional approach on STM, the EU also wants to play a major role in the future establishment of a global STM system. While insisting on its strategic autonomy, the EU also gives priority to cooperation with the US and relies on US data. While maintaining a civilian STM under civilian control, the EU STM approach also highlights the specific needs of defense and security. The EU STM approach is multilayered, with STM-related activities primarily led at national level, while the EU leadership above is quite weak and the participation of the lower level of space industry is very limited. This approach hopefully will turn the EU STM “olive” structure into a cylinder shape in the future. The EU approach on STM will play a positive role in the safe, sustainable use of space by all countries.
[1] EUROPEAN COMMISSION. Joint communication to the european parliament and the council an EU approach for space traffic management an EU contribution addressing a global challenge[EB/OL].http://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/en_strategy_on_strengthening_the_eus_contribution_to_rules_based_multilateralism.pdf, 2022-02-15.
[2] Space Policy Directive-3, National Space Traffic Management Policy[R]. National Space Traffic Management Policy[R].2018.
[3] Council of the European Union. Towards a better positioning of the EU in Space Traffic Management Policy debate[C]. Preparation of the Competitiveness Council2021-05-17.
[4] ESPI. ESPI Report 71-Towards a European Approach to Space Traffic Management-Full Report[R]. 2020.
[5] R. Tüllmann, C. Arbinger, S. Baskcomb, J. Berdermann, H. Fiedler, E. Klock,T. Schildknecht.On the Implementation of aEuropean Space Traffic Management SystemI. A White Paper[R].2017.
[6] Council of the European Union. Orientations on the European contribution in establishing key principles for the global space economy[R]. 2020.
[7] Outcomes of the European Space Traffic Management Conference, 7 July2021“Fostering a European approach on Space Traffic Management”[EB/OL].https://spacewatch.global/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/STM_Outcome.pdf,2021-07-07.
[8] European Commission.Action plan on synergies between civil, defence and space industries[R]. 2021.
[9] Council of the European Union. Preparation of the Competitiveness Council on 26 November 2021 Space Traffic Management Presidency report[R]. 2021.
[10] 徐纬地. 太空安全博弈与国际航天合作——空间交通管理视角下的太空安全态势与中国对策思考[J]. 空间碎片研究,2021,21(1):19-25.
[11] United Nations.Our Common Agenda Policy Brief 7:For All Humanity-the Future of Outer Space Governance[R]. 2023.
[12] European Union.EU Statement at the 64th Session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)[Z]. 2021.
[13] Council of the European Union. EU approach to space traffic management-Council conclusions[R]. 2022.
[14] 杨海峰.欧洲追寻战略自主的“危”与“机”[EB/OL].https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1763340679651010282&wfr=spider&for=pc,2023-04-16.
[15] EU-US Summit2021-Statement. Towards a renewed Transatlantic partnership[EB/OL]. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/50758/eu-us-summit-joint-statement-15-june-final-final.pdf,2023-05-17.
[16] EUSTM. With the ever-increasing collision risk in orbit, a Space Traffic Management (STM) system is crucial to protect our satellites[EB/OL]. https://eustm.eu/with-the-ever-increasing-collision-risk-in-orbit-a-space-traffic-management-stm-system-is-crucial-to-protect-our-satellites/.2021-12-23.
[17] Paul B. Larsen. Minimum International Norms For Managing Space Traffic, Space Debris,Near Earth Object Impacts[EB/OL]. https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4101&context=jalc,2018-09-01.
[18] Tommaso Sgobba. Civil and Military Space Traffic Management[EB/OL]. https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/files/iasl/6._t_sgobba.pdf,2016-05-01.
[19] 王国语. 美国《外空防务战略》对外空军控国际规则博弈的影响分析[J].太平洋学报,2021.
[20] Daniel Porras,Laetitia Zarkan. Safety Norms for Space Security: How the Development of STM Norms Can Strengthen Security in Space[EB/OL]. https://amostech.com/TechnicalPapers/2021/SSA-SDA/Porras.pdf,2021-07-30.
[21] MIR SADAT,JULIA SIEGEL.Space Traffic Management: Time for Action[R]. 2022-08.
[22] Eurospace. EUROSPACE REACTION PAPER TO JOINT COMMUNICATION: AN EU APPROACH FOR SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT. 2022-04.
[23] Karolina Muti, Giancarlo La Rocca, Alessandro Marrone. D7.6 Three “STM briefs” papers published online[R].2022-06-30.
[24] Pascal Faucher,Aurélie Gillet. European Union Space Surveillance and Tracking: current state of play and strategic vision(ABSTRACT).Orbital Debris Conference2023. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/orbitaldebris2023/pdf/6063.pdf,2023-09-01.
[25] EROSS IOD officially launched Thales Alenia Space with all consortium members[EB/OL].https://www.eross-iod.com/post/eross-iod-official-launch,2023-04-05.
[26] Regina Peldszus,Pascal Faucher. European Union Space Surveillance &Tracking(EU SST):State of Play and Perspectives[EB/OL].https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265964622000297?via%3Dihub,2023-09-30.
[27] Alberto Águeda Maté. EUSTM—SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FOR XXI CENTURY SPACE OPERATIONS[R].2022-08-31.
[28] Council of the European Union. Preparation of the Council (Competitiveness (Internal Market, Industry, Research and Space) on 22-23 May2023 Draft Council conclusions on “Fair and sustainable use of space”-Approval. 2023-05-05.
