美国“双小行星重定向测试”(DART)任务实现了人类首次近地小行星动能防御在轨演示验证,对人类未来主动应对近地小行星防御具有里程碑意义。根据文献中的公开报道,DART任务采用了EKF算法作为相对导航的滤波算法,采用忽略相对加速度的模型进行制导指令计算。本文首先对公开文献中提及的算法进行分析,然后对导航和制导方法进行了改进:利用目标天体视线角测量信息设计了自主相对导航方法,实现对B平面内位置和速度的快速精确估计;利用自主相对导航信息,设计了考虑引力加速度的投影脱靶量制导方法,实现了高精度交会。最后以真实小行星Bennu为目标设计典型任务场景,并考虑多种误差源,进行仿真验证。数值仿真结果表明,本文提出的方法可以在典型小行星防御场景下实现5.22m(3σ)的交会精度,适用于更小尺寸的目标和更高精度的交会任务。
The Double Asteroid Redirect Test (DART) mission has achieved an in-orbit demonstration of man's first kinetic defense of near-Earth asteroids, which is a milestone for mankind's active defense of near-Earth asteroids in the future. According to public reports in the literature, the DART mission uses the extended Kalman filter algorithm as the filtering algorithm for relative navigation and a model that ignores relative acceleration for the guidance command calculation. In this paper, we first analyze the algorithms mentioned in the public literature, and then improve the navigation and guidance methods: the autonomous relative navigation method is designed using the target object line-of-sight angle measurement information to achieve fast and accurate estimation of position and velocity in the B-plane; the projected miss distance guidance method considering gravitational acceleration is designed using the autonomous relative navigation information to achieve high precision rendezvous. Finally, a typical mission scenario is designed with the real asteroid Bennu as the target, and multiple error sources are considered for simulation verification. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve rendezvous accuracy of 5.22m (3σ) in a typical asteroid defense scenario, which is suitable for smaller size targets and higher accuracy rendezvous missions.
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