当前空间碎片成为全球治理备受关注和亟待解决的问题。空间碎片减缓措施作为传统的治理方式,其现行的行为准则和技术标准在各国实际操作中存在减缓标准执行不到位的问题。空间碎片主动清除作为一种新兴技术治理方式,亟待国际社会通过谈判制定新规则来规制主动清除行为。当前空间碎片治理的紧迫性,需要大国发挥倡导和引领作用来完善其治理结构。新时代中国在全球治理体系中的作用日益凸显,面对空间碎片治理问题,中国应当发挥航天大国的国际担当,充分利用联合国平台,倡导构建空间碎片减缓措施的国际监管框架,并为当前快速发展的主动清除活动制定相应程序规则的治理机制;在国家层面,中国在完成空间碎片监测与应用中心实体建设的基础上,拓展各国对空间碎片监测数据的国际合作以实现数据共享的治理模式;在商业层面,中国在航天商业化浪潮中为国内企业在空间碎片减缓方面提供政策、法律、资金支持,积极促进商业实体参与国际空间可持续性评级,开展良性竞争的治理行动。
The current space debris has become a problem that has attracted much attention and urgently needs to be solved in current global governance.Space debris mitigation measures are traditional governance methods,and their current codes of conduct and technical standards have the problem of inadequate implementation of mitigation standards in the actual operations of various countries.Active space debris removal is an emerging technology governance method.With its rapid technological development and maturity,it is urgent for the international community to negotiate and formulate new rules to regulate active removal behavior.The status quo of this system and the urgency of current space debris governance require major powers to play an advocacy and leading role to improve their governance structure.In the new era,China's role in the global governance system has become increasingly prominent.Faced with the issue of space debris governance,China should give full play to its international responsibilities as a major aerospace power,make full use of the United Nations platform,advocate the establishment of an international regulatory framework for space debris mitigation measures,and provide a rapid development of a governance mechanism for active clearance activities to formulate corresponding procedural rules.At the national level,on the basis of completing the physical construction of a space debris monitoring and application center,China has expanded its governance model for international cooperation on space debris monitoring data to achieve data sharing.At the commercial level,China has provided domestic companies with policy,legal and financial support in the mitigation of space debris during the commercialization of aerospace.At the same time,it has actively promoted commercial entities to participate in international space sustainability ratings and conduct governance actions for healthy competition.
[1] 李虹颖.空间碎片引发的空间环境污染问题在国际法方面的探讨[J].湘南学院学报,2008(4):8—12.
[2] Stefan Frey,Stijn Lemmens.Status of the space environment:current level of adherence to the space debris mitigation policy[C].7th European Conference on Space Debris,ESA Space Debris Office,2017.
[3] 廖敏文.论国家空间立法在空间碎片减缓国际准则法律化中的作用[J].中国空间法年刊,2016,(1):40.
[4] 和平利用外层空间委员会及其法律小组委员会通过书面程序采取的决定和行动A/75/20[EB/OL].https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2020/a/a7520_0_html/A_75_20C.pdf.2021-08-18.
[5] 和平利用外层空间委员会外层空间活动长期可持续性准则,A/74/20[EB/OL].https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2021/stspace/stspace79_0_html/st_space79C.pdf.2021-08-18.
[6] S.Frey,S.Lemmens,Status of the space environment:current level of adherence to the space debris mitigation policy,Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Space Debris[C].ESA Space Debris Office,2017.
[7] 曹喜滨,李峰,张锦绣,等.空间碎片天基主动清除技术发展现状及趋势[J].国防科技大学学报,2015,37(4):117—120.
[8] 李寿平.21世纪空间活动新发展及其法律规制[M].北京:法律出版社.2016.
[9] 赵云.外空可持续性发展的新视角和新途径:以中国外空合作为例[J].国际法研究,2017(3):60—70.
[10] 2016中国的航天[EB/OL].http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758824/n6758845/c6772477/content.html,2016-12.
[11] 中俄两国航天机构签署空间碎片监测和数据应用合作协定[EB/OL].http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-11/11/content_5339230.htm,2021-07-29.
[12] 联合国外空事务厅和日本携手应对空间碎片挑战[EB/OL].https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s？id=1657838569699649197&wfr=spider&for=pc,2021-07-29.
[13] 国家航天局空间碎片监测与应用中心挂牌成立[EB/OL].http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758838/c6770389/content.html.2015-06-08.
[14] Space policy directive-3,national space traffic management policy[EB/OL].https://aerospace.org/sites/default/files/policy_archives/Space%20Policy%20Directive%203%20-%20STM%2018Jun18.pdf.2021-07-29.
[15] Darren McKnight,Rachel Witner,Identifying the 50 statistically-most-concerning derelict objects in LEO[J].Acta Astronautica,2021,181:282—291.
[16] 世界经济论坛[EB/OL].https://www.weforum.org/projects/space-sustainability-rating.
[17] 世界经济论坛[EB/OL].https://www.weforum.org/our-impact/world-s-first-space-sustainability-rating-launched/.
